可靠性分配理论在系统安全目标实现中的应用

在系统安全理论中,确定各基本事件的可靠度以实现所给定的系统安全目标值问题一直没有得到很好解决。笔者将可靠性分配理论与故障树分析方法相结合,提出了2个层次可靠度分配法:最小割集之间采取可靠度再分配法,对构成最小割集的各个基本事件之间采取等分配法。从而建立系统中各单元可靠度再分配量化模型。为便于应用,通过实例,详述系统各单元可靠性分配的计算过程。研究表明,运用该模型可准确、简便地计算出各单元的可靠度,使系统在给定的目标值条件下达到系统的安全性优化。     

石灰性土壤中高效解磷细菌菌株的分离、筛选及组合

对石灰性土壤样品进行了解磷细菌的分离和筛选,得到具有明显溶磷圈的解磷细菌71株.分析了菌株分泌磷酸酶、释放速效磷及pH降低等综合因素和特征,研究了菌株生长动态.最后筛选出解磷能力较强且无拮抗反应的6株解磷细菌,并将其组合成为解磷细菌菌群.图8表2参17     

Expanding multiple marker screening for Down's syndrome to include Edward'S syndrome

Information on maternal age and maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein, unconjugated oestriol (uE₃), and human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) levels was used to investigate retrospectively the effect of estimating Edward's syndrome risk in women having multi-marker screening for Down's syndrome. The screened population comprised 15 pregnancies affected by Edward's syndrome, 15 with Down's syndrome and 5472 unaffected pregnancies. The use of all three markers to estimate Edward's syndrome risk would have led to the detection of 10–12 (67–80 per cent) cases with a false-positive rate of 0.3–0.6 per cent depending on the risk cut-off. A further case would have been detected as a result of screening for Down's syndrome alone. Similar results were obtained when the Edward's syndrome risk was based on uE₃ and hCG only. These data suggest that extending Down's syndrome screening to include Edward's syndrome risk will yield a high detection rate with only a small increase in the false-positive rate.     

Prenatal screening and diagnosis of neural tube defects in England and Wales in 1985

A survey was carried out to determine the effect of prenatal screening and therapeutic abortion on births in 1985 with anencephaly and spina bifida in England and Wales. Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein tests were done on 399 288 women (60 per cent of pregnant women): 4 per cent were reported as being screen-positive and 1 per cent had an amniocentesis. An estimated 534 pregnancies associated with anencephaly were terminated and an estimated 445 pregnancies associated with spina bifida (but without anencephaly) were terminated. Most (63 per cent) of the anencephalic pregnancies were first suspected from an ultrasound examination; 57 per cent of the spina bifida pregnancies were first suspected from a positive maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein test, 35 per cent by ultrasound, and the remaining 8 per cent by other means. The birth prevalence of anencephaly declined by 94 per cent between 1964–1972 and 1985, but when the terminations of pregnancy on account of having a fetus with anencephaly are added to the births the decline in prevalence was only 50 per cent. The birth prevalence of spina bifida declined by 68 per cent over the same period but when the terminations were added to the births the decline in prevalence was only 32 per cent. Among births with anencephaly 66 per cent had had no screening or diagnostic tests in early pregnancy, but in those that did nearly all were positive–usually in twin pregnancies where one fetus was affected but not the other. Among births with spina bifida, 48 per cent had no tests and in those that did the results were mainly negative. We conclude that in order to monitor adequately the national screening programme for anencephaly and spina bifida a special neural tube defects register should be formed.     

有机磷酸酯诱导迟发性神经毒性及其对神经毒性酯酶(NTE)活性影响的动态研究

以成年产卵来航母鸡为试验动物，研究了三甲基苯基磷酸酯诱导的迟发性神经毒性。试验发现，母鸡口服ＴＯＣＰ后经过大约８－１０ｄ的潜伏期开始出现中毒症状，其表现为以步态失调为主要特征的运动障碍呈进行性加重，至２１ｄ开始便发展为瘫痪。     

Flow cytometric method to measure urea-resistant alkaline phosphatase from blood neutrophils for use in the prenatal screening of Down's syndrome

The histochemical measurement of urea-resistant alkaline phosphatase from maternal blood neutrophils is known to have a high detection rate for the prenatal detection of Down's syndrome pregnancies. However, because the histochemical method is laborious and subjective to use, it has not gained widespread acceptance in prenatal screening programmes. We present a simple and objective method for the measurement of urea-resistant alkaline phosphatase by flow cytometry. The method should allow the design of larger studies aimed at evaluating the role of neutrophil urea-resistant alkaline phosphatase in the prenatal screening for Down's syndrome.     

现代流域管理体系研究

现代流域管理体系是由流域目标管理体系、流域治理技术体系、流域监测预警体系、流域法律与政策保障体系和流域行政管理体系五部分组成. 对流域目标管理体系的概念、组成和功能进行了深入剖析,分析了水体健康目标、污染控制目标、生态保护目标和资源利用目标的基本内涵,明确了流域目标管理体系在现代流域管理中的核心地位和科学意义;阐述了流域治理技术体系的基本内容,分析了工业污染控制、生活污水控制、农业面源控制和生态修复等要求,指出为确保流域生态环境得以改善,必需构建实用的、科学的流域治理技术体系;明确了流域监测预警体系在现代流域管理体系中的“感知”作用,指出完整的监测预警体系应具备提供及时、准确、完整的监测数据的能力,健全的网络监测能力,良好的评估功能,以及完善的预警和应急能力;强调了法律与政策保障体系是实现现代流域管理的必要措施,着重指出加强流域立法、完善管理制度和制订适合的经济政策,不仅可以保障流域管理目标、治理技术和监测预警体系的顺利运行,而且为流域污染治理提供政策和经济上的支持;最后分析了目前流域管理中流域行政管理的“多龙治水”问题,指出流域区划管理和地区间协调管理的必要性和紧迫性. 我国流域管理仍在起步阶段,流域治理技术水平不高,监测预警能力有待提高,流域管理相关立法不够完善,因此必须从流域管理目标、流域治理和监测预警入手加强经济投入,鼓励技术创新,构建完善流域法律与政策保障体系,最终实现跨区域、协调的现代化流域管理.      

秸秆污泥堆肥产纤维素酶细菌的筛选及产酶条件优化

从添加秸秆进行堆肥处理的污泥中采集样品,通过富集培养和刚果红平板染色法筛选分离出具有纤维素降解能力的细菌,再通过酶活力测定从中分离筛选出1株相对高活性的产纤维素酶细菌CI;通过基于16S rRNA基因序列的系统发育分析,初步确定该菌株为Devosia sp..利用单因素试验对目的菌株C1进行产纤维素酶发酵条件优化,结果表明菌株C1产纤维素酶的最佳发酵时间、培养温度、摇床转速以及最适初始pH值分别为60 h、30℃、130 r·min^-1和7.2～7.5,且在该条件下其滤纸酶（FPase）和羧甲基纤维素酶（CMCase）活力分别达23.10和54.97 U·mL^-1.     

长江三角洲流域保护水生生物优先控制农药品种筛选

以长江三角洲流域为研究区域,首先明确了以保护水生生物为目标的优先控制农药品种的筛选原则,并以模型预测为基础,根据农药对水生生物的风险性,筛选形成了长江三角洲流域保护水生生物优先控制农药品种名录。名录共包含15种农药有效成分,一方面可为我国地表水农药生态基准的制定提供优先次序,另一方面对于长江三角洲流域地表水体农药污染控制具有重要的指导意义。